I've been putting together fanless PCs for my own use for a few years now, also disliking the aircraft-taking-off sound of many desktop PCs when they are switched on. I started with the Zalman Reserator[0] water cooling tower, then moved to the Zalman TNN 500-AF[1] where the case was a giant heatsink (it was an amazing piece of kit), although more recently have been using ready-made fanless PCs (which are more widespread now most of the components run much cooler). The site at http://www.silentpcreview.com/ used to have useful information for people building quiet PCs, and https://www.quietpc.com/ still has some good components (and ready-made machines) too.
I can recommend the NoFan passive heatsinks. The CR-80EH costs less than many premium HSFs and will easily cope with an i7-6700. It's now possible to achieve dead silent operation without compromising on performance or spending a fortune on exotic parts.
Funny/scary anecdote: I have a PC whose CPU fan has stopped working about 18 months ago. The thing has been running as my home server, reliably, and it is very stable.
Of course, the fan sits on top of a huge heat-spreader, which still (passively) works, and the case is open, and the machine has not all that much to do serving me. On hot summer days, the system log tells me frequently that the CPU has throttled itself to prevent overheating, but that's about it. And that's Core2 Quad, so it has not been exactly engineered for this scenario. And still, to my utter surprise, this thing runs along merrily, with an uptime of currently 148 days.
If I can create a "fanless"[1] computer by accident that works and is - in face of the rather modest load I put on it - rock-solid stable, building one intentionally should not be that hard.
I own two notebooks, for Pete's sake, that are fanless, and they work well.
So, yes, the idea that a computer must make some kind of noise to show you it is working is gradually becoming a thing of the past. If sufficient cooling can be achieved without moving parts, that is preferable.
OTOH, the sounds devices emit used to be indicators of what was going on inside them. With SSDs, you can no longer hear your hard drive work. When I sit at one of our CAD workstations and watch a designer model something in Autodesk Inventor, more and more fans are spinning faster and faster as the temperature rises - the noise level correlates to the workload of the system.
If the computer becomes absolutely silent, we need substitutes for those metrics. Blinkenlights, maybe.
[1] Strictly speaking, the power supply still has a fan, and that one is not all that far away from the CPU, which might improve the situation somewhat.
I believe a lot of fans in modern systems are for worse case rather than average case situations.
As far as I know, there's nothing in the Dell et al. warranty that prohibits you from running a high-load system in a confined nook in a dust-clogged room with a high ambient temperature. So cooling needs to be designed to be sufficient even in pathologically stupid situations.
> If the computer becomes absolutely silent, we need substitutes for those metrics. Blinkenlights, maybe.
At least once a month, I notice my MacbookPro (with the silent fan) going very loud, I investigate, kill the offending process (usually Chrome or something from Adobe) and continue with my life.
On the other hand that fan is the only thing that can break,
and replacing it is probably expensive, so I have mixed feelings about passive cooling.
Perhaps the new keyboard-screen-bar-thing can be programmed to show system load.
The configurations that allow multiple 60Hz 4K monitors appear to depend on either having a NVIDIA GeForce GTX 950 or NVIDIA Quadro M4000 graphics cards.
But the NVidia GeForce GTX says it needs a 350W power supply [0]. The NVidia Quadro says it needs 120W and says it has a "Ultra-quiet active fansink" [1] ... i.e. quiet, but it still needs a fan.
Can anyone therefore confirm if the Airtops are completely passively cooled? Is it just the CPU that is passively cooled, or the graphics card too?
It is entirely passively cooled. The GTX 950 has a thermal profile (TDP of 90W [0]. The 350W recommendation is for your entire system, it's not asking you to add 350W to the size of your current power supply. The Airtop can passively cool about 200W, so they put in a GPU at 90W TDP, and a CPU at 85W TDP
Their video makes it look like they remove both the CPU and GPU default cooling and replace it with their case. So it wouldn't matter if NVidia says their card ships with a fan -- these folks rip that cooler off and replace it with their own.
Funny, I was looking at these guys' latest offerings just earlier today, before the HP announcement.
This is built by the same guys that built the FitPC (http://www.fit-pc.com/). I've had one of their little 5-watt fanless systems running 24/7 in my home for a couple of years now. I love it. Never had a problem with it. It's easily one of my favorite pieces of computing equipment.
I was looking at their stuff earlier because I'm considering getting some more from them.
I find the hum of lots of computer fans comforting. I did a lot of my work at uni very late at night in the computer labs when it was empty, just the constant noise of a hundred or so desktop machines. It's my ideal working environment.
My fear with these designs is that because the chassis is the heatsink, there is the issue of the continuous deformation (expansion and contraction) of the chassis body/heatsink, and you get mechanical stresses on the mobo that eventually cause internal vias to break. So yes, it may work fine for 12 months, but the overall lifespan of the product might be significantly shortened.
Not going to happen. They're too small to expand much.
Aluminium is 22 microstrain per degree apparently. Say it raises to 60C and is 30cm long, that gives you're looking at 0.26 mm. Easily accommodated by flex in the mountings.
As long as there's enough distributional area (if it's only warm to the touch), there shouldn't be enough heat build up to cause it to wear faster, right?
I've own and have built a number of these and not not seen this ever. The cases are much thicker and rigid than you'd expect. 5+ years for a few of them now.
Last PC I built I looked very hard at fanless, but eventually decided to choose my fans well and run them as slowly as I could get away with to keep the computer cool.
It works well - the swoosh of the 120mm on the back is just audible when the computer is working hard (with the computer 4ft away from me). Otherwise I don't hear it.
Oh - and when I game occasionally I hear the graphics card fan, but that was expected. The fan only runs when needed (ASUS Strix) so is silent in normal use.
Yup, large (100+mm) and slow (<1000) RPM fans are the way to go. Put it under the desk (desktop to deskunder?), use SSDs and a noise insulated case, and that's a fairly quiet machine. And that's before going overboard with liquid cooling.
Gaming has lots of sound to mask any kind of noise from the case, unless there's something quiet and emotional. I have 1000w 7.1 speakers, and never notice case noise.
I have a four year old GTX 680 with the blower reference cooler (fairly quiet). I've blown air into the outside vents to get the dust out, but a few weeks ago, I took off the shroud for the first time, and was amazed that there were no dust bunnies anywhere, even though I hadn't blown the dust out for at least a year.
I recently got my parents a fanless desktop computer. There a lot of options, but I went with a cheap Shuttle XPC slim barebone [1]: It is tiny, has a really nice industrial design and two front facing COM ports (!).
I am using this https://www.amazon.com/Qotom-Q190G4-Celeron-Processor-Barebo... machine as a Linux router and also as a media player. It's astonishingly cheap for what it is and is not an Atom which CPUs I really dislike because of their incredibly slow single thread performance. This is not fast either but it's about on par with a i3-4020Y so don't be put off by the "Celeron" marking. It's very similar to the Shuttle @dpfu mentions in this thread except a little different in ports and appearance and 20% cheaper. The Shuttle one has two DIMM slots while this only has one.
Qotom boxes are great! I run one as a router with pfSense, and it gives me no trouble. If I ever start using my TV again, I plan to get another for media center use.
One note of interest: depending on the shipper, you may need to pick it up in person, as photo ID may be required if it comes through customs. This was no issue for me since the DHL depot at BWI is less than a mile from the light rail stop - I even got to see a couple of 777 and 747 freighters up close! - but may be inconvenient depending on shipper and depot location. Still very much worth it IMO - the price/performance of Qotom hardware is extremely impressive, and nothing I could more easily source compares.
I'll second the Qotom boxes. I use it as a firewall and run Sophos UTM Home. It's fanless and the integrated heatsink gets kinda warm to the touch but with some air flowing over it (ceiling fan) it works great.
Checked this out last night when it was linked to in the HP post. I like the direction these fanless PCs are going in, but as others have said, it's more or less a solved problem.
Fanless laptops are where I'm now looking. The UX360CA Zenbook is fanless, low-power, and very reasonably priced (at least in the USA - still waiting on price to 'settle' over here). Silence would be very welcome for night reading and viewing.
> Fanless laptops are where I'm now looking. The UX360CA Zenbook is fanless, low-power, and very reasonably priced
The fanless Zenbooks are fantastic. But they're also really low power with the Core-M CPUs with a TDP of 4.5 Watts [0]. That's in a power budget that could fit in a tablet.
The Airtop-D has a Core i7 CPU, which has a TDP of 65 Watts (can downtuned to 37W) [1]. You can roughly expect it to have 10x+ more computational power.
I have been using a laptop and a docking station for a while now. I think this is the optimal configuration.
- no / very little noise
- no need to synchronize between work / home (Given that I also have a docking station at home, I essentially use my laptop as a portable hard drive with a screen)
- I can take my current work to meeting rooms anytime.
Doesn't that heavily depend on usage? At least I've never had a laptop which wouldn't turn into a noise generator once you start compiling, computing or heavy imaging/editing.
But yes a single machine + docking station at home and one on the job isn't a bad solution
This is awesome but expensive. The base configuration is $800 ($795) for case+motherboard+power_supply. I'm used to $50 case, $200 mobo, $100 ps. $800 is a lot more than $350.
Maybe you'll get $450 of enjoyment out of a sweet silent workstation.
http://airtop-pc.com/product/airtop-customized/
Well, you should at least compare apples to apples. A fanless power supply will cost your more like $200, a quality small case will cost you $200, a fanless cpu cooler like the NoFan will cost you $100, so you're at about the $700 range, which is not too far off. A $100 permium to get all of this integrated, and able to cool 200W (as opposed to about 100W of cooling in the generic solutions) is a lot less extravagent.
I've got a MintBox 2, which is a fanless PC produced by CompuLab (same manufacturer as the Airtop).
From what I can gather, CompuLab's primary market is industrial/embedded PCs. As such, they have extremely long SKU lifetimes.
The MintBox 2 for example comes with a 5 year warranty, and the "Long Term Availability" of the Intense PC SKU (released in 2012) is 2019. So they will still be selling 3rd Gen Intel parts in 2019.
The MintBox 2 cost $599 US when released, and if you check the price today it's still the same $599 as on release day. So don't expect the models to get any cheaper over time.
The only issue I've had thus far with the unit is that it's very picky on memory. You have to install modules from their QVL or you'll end up with memory errors and crashing.
Otherwise, if you want a compact fanless PC, you don't want to build it yourself, you want a long warranty, and you're willing to spend Apple-level money, then CompuLab has the product for you!
Arguably they've been around for a while now (I have two fanless shuttle mini PCs running on my desk, and one laptop made fanless by stabbing a screwdriver through the vent holes into the fan). It's just that whenever you want the last three inches of extra performance, you pay a heavy price with respect to thermal power.
I was hoping for something like this with the skylake iris 550. Top of the line perf/watt (for a cpu+gpu). GPU fast enough for light gaming/webGL, or older games.
There's an intel NUC that's close (M2 slot + iris 540), but it's a little pricey at $340 and uses 15 watt version (that throttles very quickly), instead of the 28 watt version that can actually sustain a decent level of performance.
Fast, quiet, decent CPU+GPU shouldn't really be that hard.
Seems like GPUs are getting their with the gtx 1050/60/70 having tiny half length cards available, but I've seen very few cases designed for them.
I've owned a couple NUCs. One that was fanless (Gigabyte BACE-3000), but a bit slow. I upgraded to an Gigabyte Intel i5 NUC, it has a fan but I can't hear it at all. Brilliant machine.
I think the "quiet pc issue" is a solved problem provided you aren't building a massive gaming machine.
interesting. the whole case is a heat sink directly applied to the cpu.
although, 100W cooling does nothing for the r9 390 which is something like 275W TDP. i have a veritable wind tunnel below my table, blowing really hot air up my shorts.
I wouldn't call it insane (except for the cable cutting, that seems like it's just unnecessary when you can just remove the component or likely modify with software), but I also think it's ill-advised for most use cases that aren't yours, which is likely why most people are saying it's nuts.
A lot of modern computing is just greedy with resources, and will gladly eat up as much as is available, be it games or web-browsers. My first computer building experience I didn't fasten the heatsink to the mobo and it would lose it's contact with the CPU when the case was upright; powering the computer on when it was upright would allow it to load for ~ 10 seconds then shut down with no warning. CPUs and other high performance components hit their thermal limit fast, meaning they get really hot and stay really hot pretty fast without some mitigating factor. To me it seems illadvise to not give the components all the help you can to keep them cool.
Granted, my first home built was with an e8400 wolfdale, and the power and thermal efficiency of CPUs has come a long way since then, but they still get toasty without a bit of assistance. Well planned passive cooling is great - my first GPU was passively cooled and it served me well for a good 5 years until a decent night of blackjack in Vegas afforded me a new GPU. But I could still see how it struggled when the card started to reach it's thermal limits. The card ended up getting donated to a friend of mine, and I think she's still using it successfully to this day. But that being said, the passive cooling on the card was nearly triple the size of the card itself.
Modern CPUs will just downclock themselves. I mean it's not insane; you won't damage the components, but you will be running A LOT slower than you could be.
Do you run tools to see how far down your CPUs frequency scaling is taking it?
It works in the sense that the hardware will survive quite a while, but you are likely giving away a lot of performance to thermal throttling (at least if you have a mini-PC, it can be factor 5 - 10 or so)
I used 120mm fans in my previous build, worked fine. However the enthusiasts seem to have moved to 140mm. Fits all the normal size cases and moves either more air for the same RPM, or the same air at less rpm. My favorite thing about them is the pitch of the hum is just a bit lower.
> "Whereas IBM's PC (and almost all PC compatibles) had a power supply in a corner of the main case, the PC1512's power supply was integrated with that of its monitor. The monitor had sufficient venting to cool itself by convection, instead of needing a fan. The PC1512 was therefore quieter than other PCs. Rumours circulated that an Amstrad PC would overheat, and while existing owners would note that this did not happen, new buyers were discouraged. As a result, later models had a cooling fan integrated into the main case."
[+] [-] m-i-l|9 years ago|reply
[0] https://www.quietpc.com/reserator1-v2
[1] https://www.quietpc.com/tnn500af
[+] [-] jdietrich|9 years ago|reply
http://www.nofancomputer.com/eng/products/CR-80EH.php
[+] [-] hubert123|9 years ago|reply
[+] [-] Already__Taken|9 years ago|reply
[+] [-] Already__Taken|9 years ago|reply
[deleted]
[+] [-] krylon|9 years ago|reply
Of course, the fan sits on top of a huge heat-spreader, which still (passively) works, and the case is open, and the machine has not all that much to do serving me. On hot summer days, the system log tells me frequently that the CPU has throttled itself to prevent overheating, but that's about it. And that's Core2 Quad, so it has not been exactly engineered for this scenario. And still, to my utter surprise, this thing runs along merrily, with an uptime of currently 148 days.
If I can create a "fanless"[1] computer by accident that works and is - in face of the rather modest load I put on it - rock-solid stable, building one intentionally should not be that hard.
I own two notebooks, for Pete's sake, that are fanless, and they work well.
So, yes, the idea that a computer must make some kind of noise to show you it is working is gradually becoming a thing of the past. If sufficient cooling can be achieved without moving parts, that is preferable.
OTOH, the sounds devices emit used to be indicators of what was going on inside them. With SSDs, you can no longer hear your hard drive work. When I sit at one of our CAD workstations and watch a designer model something in Autodesk Inventor, more and more fans are spinning faster and faster as the temperature rises - the noise level correlates to the workload of the system. If the computer becomes absolutely silent, we need substitutes for those metrics. Blinkenlights, maybe.
[1] Strictly speaking, the power supply still has a fan, and that one is not all that far away from the CPU, which might improve the situation somewhat.
[+] [-] ethbro|9 years ago|reply
As far as I know, there's nothing in the Dell et al. warranty that prohibits you from running a high-load system in a confined nook in a dust-clogged room with a high ambient temperature. So cooling needs to be designed to be sufficient even in pathologically stupid situations.
[+] [-] sly010|9 years ago|reply
At least once a month, I notice my MacbookPro (with the silent fan) going very loud, I investigate, kill the offending process (usually Chrome or something from Adobe) and continue with my life.
On the other hand that fan is the only thing that can break, and replacing it is probably expensive, so I have mixed feelings about passive cooling.
Perhaps the new keyboard-screen-bar-thing can be programmed to show system load.
[+] [-] Patient0|9 years ago|reply
But the NVidia GeForce GTX says it needs a 350W power supply [0]. The NVidia Quadro says it needs 120W and says it has a "Ultra-quiet active fansink" [1] ... i.e. quiet, but it still needs a fan.
Can anyone therefore confirm if the Airtops are completely passively cooled? Is it just the CPU that is passively cooled, or the graphics card too?
[0] http://www.evga.com/products/Specs/GPU.aspx?pn=567ece10-ff52...
[1] https://www.pny.com/nvidia-quadro-m4000?sku=VCQM4000-PB&type...
[+] [-] dmayle|9 years ago|reply
[0] http://www.anandtech.com/show/9547/nvidia-launches-geforce-g...
[+] [-] maxsilver|9 years ago|reply
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gy3nhYPUd7I
[+] [-] thaumaturgy|9 years ago|reply
This is built by the same guys that built the FitPC (http://www.fit-pc.com/). I've had one of their little 5-watt fanless systems running 24/7 in my home for a couple of years now. I love it. Never had a problem with it. It's easily one of my favorite pieces of computing equipment.
I was looking at their stuff earlier because I'm considering getting some more from them.
[+] [-] SimonPStevens|9 years ago|reply
[+] [-] vijucat|9 years ago|reply
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NeESf9aCZHQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gy_RHdE7zsc
:-)
[+] [-] linuxkerneldev|9 years ago|reply
[+] [-] IshKebab|9 years ago|reply
Aluminium is 22 microstrain per degree apparently. Say it raises to 60C and is 30cm long, that gives you're looking at 0.26 mm. Easily accommodated by flex in the mountings.
[+] [-] djsumdog|9 years ago|reply
[+] [-] commentzorro|9 years ago|reply
[+] [-] pbowyer|9 years ago|reply
It works well - the swoosh of the 120mm on the back is just audible when the computer is working hard (with the computer 4ft away from me). Otherwise I don't hear it.
Oh - and when I game occasionally I hear the graphics card fan, but that was expected. The fan only runs when needed (ASUS Strix) so is silent in normal use.
[+] [-] theandrewbailey|9 years ago|reply
Gaming has lots of sound to mask any kind of noise from the case, unless there's something quiet and emotional. I have 1000w 7.1 speakers, and never notice case noise.
I have a four year old GTX 680 with the blower reference cooler (fairly quiet). I've blown air into the outside vents to get the dust out, but a few weeks ago, I took off the shroud for the first time, and was amazed that there were no dust bunnies anywhere, even though I hadn't blown the dust out for at least a year.
[+] [-] dpfu|9 years ago|reply
[1] http://www.shuttle.eu/fileadmin/resources/download/docs/spec...
[+] [-] vijucat|9 years ago|reply
[+] [-] TheSpiceIsLife|9 years ago|reply
They'll come in handy!
But seriously, what's the motivation behind putting those on the machine, or wanting them?
[+] [-] chx|9 years ago|reply
[+] [-] throwanem|9 years ago|reply
One note of interest: depending on the shipper, you may need to pick it up in person, as photo ID may be required if it comes through customs. This was no issue for me since the DHL depot at BWI is less than a mile from the light rail stop - I even got to see a couple of 777 and 747 freighters up close! - but may be inconvenient depending on shipper and depot location. Still very much worth it IMO - the price/performance of Qotom hardware is extremely impressive, and nothing I could more easily source compares.
[+] [-] _hackerzero_|9 years ago|reply
[+] [-] luxpir|9 years ago|reply
Fanless laptops are where I'm now looking. The UX360CA Zenbook is fanless, low-power, and very reasonably priced (at least in the USA - still waiting on price to 'settle' over here). Silence would be very welcome for night reading and viewing.
[+] [-] exDM69|9 years ago|reply
The fanless Zenbooks are fantastic. But they're also really low power with the Core-M CPUs with a TDP of 4.5 Watts [0]. That's in a power budget that could fit in a tablet.
The Airtop-D has a Core i7 CPU, which has a TDP of 65 Watts (can downtuned to 37W) [1]. You can roughly expect it to have 10x+ more computational power.
It's just a whole different category of devices.
[0] http://ark.intel.com/products/88199/Intel-Core-m7-6Y75-Proce... [1] http://ark.intel.com/products/88040/Intel-Core-i7-5775C-Proc...
[+] [-] bnegreve|9 years ago|reply
- no / very little noise
- no need to synchronize between work / home (Given that I also have a docking station at home, I essentially use my laptop as a portable hard drive with a screen)
- I can take my current work to meeting rooms anytime.
- ...
[+] [-] stinos|9 years ago|reply
Doesn't that heavily depend on usage? At least I've never had a laptop which wouldn't turn into a noise generator once you start compiling, computing or heavy imaging/editing.
But yes a single machine + docking station at home and one on the job isn't a bad solution
[+] [-] brianolson|9 years ago|reply
[+] [-] dmayle|9 years ago|reply
[+] [-] kogepathic|9 years ago|reply
From what I can gather, CompuLab's primary market is industrial/embedded PCs. As such, they have extremely long SKU lifetimes.
The MintBox 2 for example comes with a 5 year warranty, and the "Long Term Availability" of the Intense PC SKU (released in 2012) is 2019. So they will still be selling 3rd Gen Intel parts in 2019.
The MintBox 2 cost $599 US when released, and if you check the price today it's still the same $599 as on release day. So don't expect the models to get any cheaper over time.
The only issue I've had thus far with the unit is that it's very picky on memory. You have to install modules from their QVL or you'll end up with memory errors and crashing.
Otherwise, if you want a compact fanless PC, you don't want to build it yourself, you want a long warranty, and you're willing to spend Apple-level money, then CompuLab has the product for you!
[+] [-] misotaur|9 years ago|reply
[+] [-] clarry|9 years ago|reply
[+] [-] sliken|9 years ago|reply
There's an intel NUC that's close (M2 slot + iris 540), but it's a little pricey at $340 and uses 15 watt version (that throttles very quickly), instead of the 28 watt version that can actually sustain a decent level of performance.
Fast, quiet, decent CPU+GPU shouldn't really be that hard.
Seems like GPUs are getting their with the gtx 1050/60/70 having tiny half length cards available, but I've seen very few cases designed for them.
[+] [-] trengrj|9 years ago|reply
I think the "quiet pc issue" is a solved problem provided you aren't building a massive gaming machine.
[+] [-] MiguelHudnandez|9 years ago|reply
[+] [-] princeb|9 years ago|reply
although, 100W cooling does nothing for the r9 390 which is something like 275W TDP. i have a veritable wind tunnel below my table, blowing really hot air up my shorts.
[+] [-] TekMol|9 years ago|reply
1) I buy any desktop I like for its form factor
2) I either use the onboard graphic or a fanless graphics card
3) I set the threshold for all fans that are accessible via fancontrol to a level that keeps them permanently off
4) I pull or cut the cables of any fans that remain spinning
People always tell me I am "insane" to do so. But I have been doing this for years now and never had a problem.
[+] [-] csydas|9 years ago|reply
A lot of modern computing is just greedy with resources, and will gladly eat up as much as is available, be it games or web-browsers. My first computer building experience I didn't fasten the heatsink to the mobo and it would lose it's contact with the CPU when the case was upright; powering the computer on when it was upright would allow it to load for ~ 10 seconds then shut down with no warning. CPUs and other high performance components hit their thermal limit fast, meaning they get really hot and stay really hot pretty fast without some mitigating factor. To me it seems illadvise to not give the components all the help you can to keep them cool.
Granted, my first home built was with an e8400 wolfdale, and the power and thermal efficiency of CPUs has come a long way since then, but they still get toasty without a bit of assistance. Well planned passive cooling is great - my first GPU was passively cooled and it served me well for a good 5 years until a decent night of blackjack in Vegas afforded me a new GPU. But I could still see how it struggled when the card started to reach it's thermal limits. The card ended up getting donated to a friend of mine, and I think she's still using it successfully to this day. But that being said, the passive cooling on the card was nearly triple the size of the card itself.
[+] [-] djsumdog|9 years ago|reply
Do you run tools to see how far down your CPUs frequency scaling is taking it?
[+] [-] detaro|9 years ago|reply
[+] [-] qplex|9 years ago|reply
[+] [-] sliken|9 years ago|reply
[+] [-] durzagott|9 years ago|reply
[+] [-] lugus35|9 years ago|reply
> "Whereas IBM's PC (and almost all PC compatibles) had a power supply in a corner of the main case, the PC1512's power supply was integrated with that of its monitor. The monitor had sufficient venting to cool itself by convection, instead of needing a fan. The PC1512 was therefore quieter than other PCs. Rumours circulated that an Amstrad PC would overheat, and while existing owners would note that this did not happen, new buyers were discouraged. As a result, later models had a cooling fan integrated into the main case."
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC1512