[djf1]

I suppose my axiom is that "free market price" == "fair value". On this basis, a price ceiling is _unfair_ for both:

• the provider (they must exchange their product for less than it's worth). • the consumer who values the service at free market price (they lose the service to someone who values it less).

Regarding willingness to pay, I think the underlying factors are much to complicated to list (e.g. a pregnant woman heading to the hospital). The beauty of a free market is that fair price sorts itself out.