[jdtang13]

Advaita Vedanta is the keyword to use for most modern day, Neoplatonistic Hindu philosophy: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta

My understanding is that, although this teaching was technically formulated in the 8th century AD, it became popular and gained widespread resurgence in the West around 19th century. Hare Krishna movement and Theosophical Society come to mind.

My guess, as a hobbyist historian, is that most everyday Hindus practiced normal, layperson devotions to humanized gods rather than truly believing in a universal soul that underlies the entire universe.

Basically, any time someone tells you that Indians and Chinese people believe in "philosophy" rather than "religion", they are probably bringing in a Western orientalist bias. Actually, unsurprisingly, Eastern people are actually just religious. There is no woke philosophy going on except for the elite scholars and religious monks.