Statisticians and mathematicians call them dimensions, machine learning engineers call them "features". Statisticians and mathematicians usually interpret observations as vectors in n-dimensional space, which leads to some interesting geometric results. Hence the term dimension, we do mathematics with them as if they were actual points in some high-dimensional space. Degrees of freedom are something a bit more nuanced that are of use when you start to do specific statistical tests, and they do not have to be exactly equal to your amount of dimensions.
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