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Acute aerobic exercise to recover from mental exhaustion

230 points| lxm | 4 years ago |pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | reply

126 comments

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[+] cpncrunch|4 years ago|reply
When the article talks about "mental exhaustion", it is talking about short-term mental fatigue from the likes of working too long on a mental task. It is not talking about chronic fatigue or burnout due to chronic stress, or ME/CFS, for which exercise may cause worsening of symptoms. In that case stress reduction is likely the better solution, and exercise managed so you are not doing too little or too much.

Making this comment because I suffered (and recovered from) ME/CFS myself.

[+] PragmaticPulp|4 years ago|reply
ME/CFS is defined by post-exertional malaise, so by definition it wouldn’t be improved by exertion.

Burnout, however, does tend to respond positively to exercise over time. Burnout and ME/CFS are very different conditions.

> Making this comment because I suffered (and recovered from) ME/CFS myself.

How were you able to recover from ME/CFS? It seems spontaneous recovery does happen to some, though for others it is a chronic condition that will likely require some future medical advances to overcome.

[+] hda111|4 years ago|reply
I don’t have ME/CFS but am often stressed, had to quit my last job due to burnout. I don’t agree to avoid exercise for burnout. While in stress I found mild exercise useful to clear the mind and improve sleep. For mild ME/CFS patients it’s also sometimes possible to exercise, there are a lot resources about this topic here: https://workwellfoundation.org/
[+] trevormcneal|4 years ago|reply
can you explain what is ME/CFS and how you recovered ?
[+] justsocrateasin|4 years ago|reply
Entirely anecdotal, but a lot of professional endurance sports athletes / ultra distance athletes are also high performing PhD candidates/professors/academics. It's kind of weird - if you watch the documentary about the Barkley Marathons, the winners are usually some kind of math/engineering PhD candidate.

Another anecdote - As a kid I was "hyperactive" and struggled a lot in school until my freshman year. Coincidentally, my problems of hyperactivity and poor grades both stopped at almost the exact time I started doing "competitive" endurance sports. I was just now diagnosed with ADHD as an adult in my mid twenties. My diagnosis probably took so long because I've been "self medicating" with exercise for the last ~10-15 years.

I definitely believe the results of this study and I've found them true in my own life. I've consistently used exercise as a reset from studying / working, and often attributed consistent exercise as a key to my productivity.

[+] carabiner|4 years ago|reply
Not just anecdotal, see "Why Do Rich People Love Endurance Sports?" discussed at https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=19016362

> I was just now diagnosed with ADHD as an adult in my mid twenties. My diagnosis probably took so long because I've been "self medicating" with exercise for the last ~10-15 years.

Also, Jesus. It's as if ADHD is a manufactured diagnosis to pathologize a healthy response to living conditions humans should find intolerable: sitting at a desk all day. I won't link to Born to Run, but it's easy to see that pre-industrial humans (i.e. 99% of the homo sapiens lifestyle) had lives full of physical activity. We call exercise "self-medication" when it is really a sick society that we should address.

[+] Grambo|4 years ago|reply
Reminds me of the fact that Alan Turing was a world class distance runner. He would sometimes run commute 40 miles for meetings.
[+] gopalv|4 years ago|reply
> professional endurance sports athletes / ultra distance athletes are also high performing PhD candidates

There are three ways to slice this fact, depends on who you ask. And I've asked a lot of people, because India treated "sports" as the refuge of those who cannot cut it in academics & I had two decades of people telling me to "quit running around, sit and study" which I had to unlearn in my 30s.

First is that thinking is not just limited by the "hardware" / displacement of your brain engine, but the consumable for doing it - that when I go for a walk and kick up my heart to 130 bpm, my brain is getting the equivalent of a turbo boost (literally, more oxygen to burn). The same applies to the glucose out of the liver, where a runner trains to feel the second wind coming even when the thing burning through glucose is their brain. And I've found that I can burn through a lot playing chess - heart-rates up by +30, extremities go cold and hunger stops when I'm thinking hard (or losing). Lower your heart-rate sitting still, the more boost you can push when needed.

But there's also a problem with selection bias.

Second is that running or endurance sports is not entirely physical. Nobody is chasing you to run, you are running on pure internal motivation & that selects for people who are good at staying on a chase. The mindset needed to keep running 10+ miles is basically why we tell people "this is marathon, not a sprint" when it comes to putting in time into something new. Because the mindset is about pacing, not absolute pace (the swimming scene in Gattaca comes to mind). I think this is selected for but like muscles it grows with use; you can evolve your mindset closer to being a persistence predator of ideas, beyond boredom.

Third is that the resources needed to be an amazing endurance runner and a PhD candidate are correlated - you need to focus away from paying the bills and work on doing something which has a slow burn with a very delayed reward. You need a healthy childhood, you need time to go running and you need a culture which values physical fitness as either a military tool (the himalayan hikes I went to were full of israelis in their 20s) or social status symbol (a somewhat post-scarcity economy).

I can't run as fast or in competitive fashion, a half marathon is my distance of choice, but I running for the first two reasons and can keep doing it for the third.

[+] deepGem|4 years ago|reply
Purely anecdotal again. I had absolutely no concentration to write code about 5 years back. I treaded mostly a solutions engineer path since it was the most comfortable option. Somehow stumbled into running and my career path changed. Now I wouldn't say I am a genius programmer but I am certainly much better at design and coding. Running and lifting weights, surprisingly have resulted in me aspiring for coding tasks that take me to mental exhaustion. Some of the best days I've had are when I am mentally exhausted trying to figure out a solution and just fall asleep at my desk.
[+] quantified|4 years ago|reply
The “hyper” in hyperactive seems to suffer from a bias as to where to set the threshold. Given the kinetic energy of school-aged boys, I’m not surprised that a lot of them are diagnosed as such. Granted that a great many deserve the diagnosis, and I have direct experience with this. High/energy “recess” multiple times a day would seem to a good approach to help deal with it.
[+] agumonkey|4 years ago|reply
there's something about walking that also lives in the abstract world of ideas *you walk through a partially lit map of unknowns and ideas) ? that and increased blood flow to your head ? maybe hunting was the original and only problem solving instance that caused CNS to develop.
[+] sputknick|4 years ago|reply
Personal Anecdote: when I was in an office (before current WFH) and I was mentally exhausted I would go down to the gym, slam slam balls into the floor for 2 minutes without stopping, maybe take a 30 second cold shower, then return to work. Super refreshing and I was gone from my desk a grand total of like 8 minutes.
[+] hnthrowaway0315|4 years ago|reply
Just browsed through the Abstract. Some unrelated thoughts:

I think the issue that most people won't gather up the will to do aerobic exercise after they are mentally exhausted -- even that they know it works to some extent.

Following this, I believe, without scientific proof, that genius (or others who can contribute significantly more than other people) have their mind wired completely different from other people. For example, I know people who are super smart, super energetic, and (in the context of OP article) can switch between tasks efficiently. They don't seem to need cooldown, they always have the will to do something as long as they know it's good for them. In one sentence, they are more like machines.

I wonder if there is a way for ordinary people to achieve that "machine-like" mentality. I'm curious to learn from your experience if you are able to grow from a "weak-minded" people to a "strong-will" one, however painfully. So far I haven't seen one example.

[+] VadimPR|4 years ago|reply
Routines do wonders. It's only hard the first few times, afterwards it becomes second nature to go and workout after work. It also helps that I've never, ever regretted doing a workout - you always feel amazing.
[+] buscoquadnary|4 years ago|reply
It is possible within all humans with the spice melange....

However barring becoming a mentat I've noticed this variation within myself as well and I've noticed the times I am able to go and go and go is when I have a lot of momentum. It seems that doing things that require will naturally result in more will so it isn't that the task is easier but rather my ability to overcome is increased and it is a smaller % of my overall energy expenditure to do.

In accord with this I've noticed that for me taking a "break" is when I get far less done and it becomes much harder to do anything.

I've also seen that when I have things booked back to back to back no matter the density it seems I can keep going so long as I don't stop to think about how tired I am and just keep going. It's when I get breathing room that it seems like everything I've already been doing is impossible.

The other big help for me was Adderall, I have ADHD bad so if I am not working under pressure and a deadline sufficient to release adrenaline I can't do anything. That was until I got my medicine then I finally felt like I could be who I could be without being a nurveous burned out wreck all the time.

That's just my perspective with n=1.

[+] SuoDuanDao|4 years ago|reply
There's an author I follow who shared the basic techniques of Western cultivation schools with respect to will on his blog.

https://ecosophia.dreamwidth.org/tag/will

I suppose it might be a question of whether having enough willpower to start the exercises disqualifies one from being 'weak minded'

[+] eitland|4 years ago|reply
> While widespread strategies to recover from mental exhaustion (i.e., watching TV) are non-effective,

I worked for a startup from 2015 to 2017.

During that time I'd sometimes work 10-14 hours for 2-3 days in a row.

When I was tired after lunch I'd just tell my colleagues I was tired and would take a gaming break and then go play 1 or 2 maps of CS:GO in casual mode before working 5-7 hours more after the brain fog had lifted. It actually worked very well back then.

Not exactly the same as TV since was very active and not relaxing but I feel it was worth mentioning since to counter the idea that only physical exercise can work.

Later I figured out that if I just drop breakfast I don't get hit by brain fog after lunch. This is funny since every health specialist have always told how important a correct breakfast is to stay sharp during the day.

During the pandemic I tried this again but stopped it since now it seems 20 minutes of gaming just wastes 40 minutes of my day. There are some obvious between now and then but I have no clear idea which of them are responsible for why it worked back then but not now. (During the pandemic I worked from home, I also don't eat breakfast mot days and I am older now.)

[+] curiousllama|4 years ago|reply
If you ever want to do breakfast again, try dropping the carbs. Had a similar problem, and greek yogurt for breakfast solved it for me.
[+] m3kw9|4 years ago|reply
It sound funny but it seems like playing cs go for you at the time was equivalent of a mind calming meditation. Especially play easy mode where you get kill streaks which can remotivate you
[+] damnruskie|4 years ago|reply
1-2 5 min games of chess does it for me
[+] spaetzleesser|4 years ago|reply
I often think the the imbalance between mental effort and physical effort in modern office jobs causes a lot of problems.

Some of my happiest days were when I trained boxing and weights 2 hours six times a week. It's hard to be depressed or anxious when you are physically exhausted and the feeling of physical strength just makes you feel better. Working out to the point of exhaustion feels like a "reset" for body and mind.

Eating is another thing. When I hike the whole day or backpack for days my eating gets naturally balanced without effort. I eat what I need and that's it. When I work for 10 hours a day at a desk I start craving junk food and have to be careful not to put on weight. And not moving much is physically exhausting. I think that's because in the past usually when you had a lot of mental stress you were under physical threat (e.g. chased by a predator or enemy) and therefore probably needed physical energy. So we react to the typical modern workplace stress by wanting more energy but we never use it.

Any ideas for a career that balances physical and mental effort better (and pays well)? A few years ago I worked near a place where they shot a lot of movie scenes and film production seemed pretty attractive. They spend a lot of time in the office planning things but then they go out for extended periods of time and do the actual shoot.

[+] brimble|4 years ago|reply
Filming with a small crew is more active than sitting in a chair, but only barely, I'd say. There's more standing, at least.

Most of the time you're waiting near the spot where you need to be, or staying perfectly still, or moving but only very slowly.

Film work (even small-scale local stuff) can be really fun but 90+% of the physical activity will be goofing off, for most of the people involved in most shoots. And of course most of the work before and after filming is sitting in front of a screen, like any other office job.

[+] germinalphrase|4 years ago|reply
My experience working on movies was lots of time on the road (cumulatively, months of the year) and lots of standing around. This might be different if you were working exclusively in a studio; some roles are certainly more physical than others, of course.
[+] bgroat|4 years ago|reply
Military special forces or playing a team sport at a high-level?

Those folks are SMART

[+] zeku|4 years ago|reply
Just want to add to this thread: Walking. Just take a walk no need for something special! If we are talking a workout routine then that's different, but if it's just a mental reset after a challenging couple hours of work then go on a 15 min walk!
[+] hasbot|4 years ago|reply
Absolutely. Walking is the cheapest, easiest effective exercise there is. Unfortunately so much of the US is not conducive to safe walking. For example, neighborhoods without sidewalks.
[+] wincy|4 years ago|reply
Pre Covid my entire team would go on walks once a day, even when it was cold out. I really miss those 15-20 minute excursions, I feel like we all really bonded during our walks and it was a good opportunity to hash out weird things about work and complexity since we had nothing better to do than pick each other’s brains.
[+] iandanforth|4 years ago|reply
How was a nap not one of the compared strategies? A nap that doesn't enter deep sleep (~ <20 minutes) has lots of support for this kind of recovery.
[+] bacro|4 years ago|reply
30 minutes of aerobic exercise for 1 hour of mental work is what was assessed. Does it have the same benefits if we have 8 hours of mental work instead?
[+] hobo_mark|4 years ago|reply
Anecdotal of course, but when I used to commute daily by bike, the 30 minute ride in the evening would dissipate the brain fog enough to let me work on side projects almost every day until 2am or so, and the morning ride would wake me up from the slight sleep deprivation. So 1 hour bike (both ways) per 12 or so hours of work (including the "night shift").
[+] maaaaattttt|4 years ago|reply
Based (only) on the personal experience of going for a run after a day at the computer and then working on a side project, I would say that even after 8 hours you can recover from the mental exhaustion of the day. Not completely, but you would definitely be able to work more/better than without the exercise in between.
[+] cableshaft|4 years ago|reply
What, you don't have time to exercise for four hours a day? /s
[+] darawk|4 years ago|reply
I've found this to be true personally. Pre-pandemic I used to go to the gym after work every night. I'd always go in feeling mentally exhausted, and leave feeling mentally refreshed and able to work on some of my side projects for a bit.
[+] tryitnow|4 years ago|reply
Hmmm. Two issues stand out for me.

1. If I'm understanding this correctly, it seems like the active control (stretching) performed worse than the so-called passive control (watching a "popular sitcom"). The Cohen's d for the active control ranged from 0.214 to 0.737, and 0.102 - 0.286 for the passive control. So watching a "popular sitcom" is closer to aerobic activity in its effect on recovery?

2. The abstract says the passive control was watching a "popular sitcom", this is weird. Does this mean the researchers picked a show for the subjects to watch? That doesn't make any sense, if I had to watch a show I didn't select that would be annoying and possibly interfere with recovery. But maybe the researchers didn't

A Cohen's d of 0.2 is considered small and the values for the passive controls top out at 0.286, and apparently there's even a negative relationship with restlessness.

My bet is that if someone tried to do a similar study but instead of picking a sitcom for the subject they allowed the subjects to simply watching whatever TV they would like to watch at the moment, the effect size would disappear.

I am assuming I'm just missing something here, but from my fairly basic, non-expert understanding, it's not possible to draw the conclusions that the authors drew. Furthermore, the design seemed flawed from the beginning (although kudos for providing an active control). The main issue seems to be that their passive control wasn't really passive, it was making subject watch a show that they might not normally watch for relaxation purposes.

[+] pepp|4 years ago|reply
My most effective method for relieving brain fog is doing a few songs in beat saber @ PSVR, works surprisingly well and hasn't failed me so far.

If I feel sluggish and in a generally negative mood on a day when we're having friends or family over for dinner or whatever, my wife makes me play beat saber and it really does help a lot!

My ADHD can make it hard for me to just boot up the playstation, even if I need it and I know it will help, so having a loving wife is great too :)

[+] fjfaase|4 years ago|reply
If I understand the paper correctly, I have been doing the right thing with biking to the office every day :-). My bike ride takes about 24 minutes one way. I have always looked for jobs at a biking distance from my home.
[+] onemoresoop|4 years ago|reply
If time for gym is limited, I recommend getting a rebounder at home. It is low impact and the workout doesn't feel too hard, but as soon as you're done jumping for about 10 minutes you can feel it throughout the body. 10 minutes a day in the morning does make a big difference in my experience. I recommend a non-spring bungee cord based rebounder, perhaps a used better brand would do.

But if you can run and don't have joint issues, sprints can put you in the best shape possible in about two weeks.

[+] rmbyrro|4 years ago|reply
Interesting. I wonder if this could be a preventive measure. If I anticipate a likely exhaustion period, would prior aerobic exercise help to prevent or mitigate it?
[+] colincooke|4 years ago|reply
I can totally relate to this, working from home and having an exercise bike has done wonderful things for my work. One thing I'm curious of (and might be tackled in a follow-up) is if shorter bursts of exercise (perhaps more intense) are just as effective?

In their experiment they find that 30 minutes of moderate exercise is effective. I'd be curious to compare that with for example 10 minutes of high intensity exercise?

[+] ninesnines|4 years ago|reply
This is quite interesting -- I think digging into how long this would be efficient for would be interesting.

I often feel that the most refreshed I feel is if I combine high intensity aerobics with the outdoors -- something about the ocean or forest always bring peace and makes me feel focused for the rest of the day. It would be nice to dig into how setting us also helps.

[+] ok123456|4 years ago|reply
I work out every day after work. I've noticed there's no relationship between 'metal exhaustion' and being too physically exhausted to workout. It doesn't matter how "tough" your day was. It has no real impact on your physical ability there, and you will not feel as "tired" when you leave.
[+] virgulino|4 years ago|reply
>Subsequently, they were randomized to one of three treatments: 30 min of moderate aerobic exercise on a cycle ergometer, 30 min of a simple lower body stretching routine (= active control treatment) or watching a popular sitcom (= passive control treatment).

Watching sitcoms stresses me out. And I hate most of them.

[+] ck2|4 years ago|reply
The keyword there is "aerobic".

Weight lifting is not aerobic, it is anaerobic.

If you run/cycle/etc beyond your lactate threshold heartrate, you've now switched from aerobic to anaerobic.

Easy to google for more info if this seems interesting/important to you, just a "heads up" to the concept.

[+] User23|4 years ago|reply
> Weight lifting is not aerobic, it is anaerobic.

Heavy low repetition lifting is anaerobic, but around 15-20+ repetitions with lighter weights it becomes aerobic.