[uryga]

are there any languages that do this? Rust's `?` is similar but the propagation is explicit

[int_19h]

That's what I'm saying - any language with exceptions can be treated as if it was all Rust-style Result<T, E>, but with implicit ? after every expression. Well, and E is an open variant (like e.g. extensible variant types in OCaml), unless the language has checked exceptions like Java.