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Why does holding a key fob to your head increase its range?

603 points| jasonhansel | 2 years ago |physics.stackexchange.com

147 comments

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Johnythree|2 years ago

A more likely theory is that the fob transmitter (and antenna) is tuned to put out max signal when near the body. This is it's normal use.

If however you tested it with the fob somewhat isolated it would then be out of tune.

eg in the factory it would be tuned at a set distance from a "dummy body".

It's the same with a walkie-talkie radio. The antenna must be tuned when held in the hand, as your body provides the missing earth or ground-plane.

You can easily demonstrate this. Mount an antenna on a ground-plane with a length of coax, a SWR meter and a transmitter. Tune the antenna so the SWR is 1:1 and then move you hand close to the antenna. Once your hand gets withing a wavelength or so, the effect of the "detuning" can be readily seen on the SWR meter.

jpk|2 years ago

This reminds me of a class in college where one project was to make a waveguide WiFi antenna. You know the ones; often built out of a Pringles can.

On the day the project was due, we each demo'd our antennas and the instructor recorded their range, SNR, etc. Most in the class followed the Pringles can tutorials, but I was always kinda extra. So I used some kind of roof flashing coiled into a cylinder to get the length and radius tuned just right, and I fashioned a comfy handle to aim it using some scrap aluminum flat, and round wood stock.

Mine did really well, but it also had the widest variance in performance. We figured out that my wood handle could be held in a way in which you didn't actually touch any metal, but if you put your thumb up on the aluminum part of the handle, it instantly got way better SNR!

The instructor told us that touching the housing improved the quality of the ground because the capacitance of our meat acts like a short at those high frequencies.

wallaBBB|2 years ago

Not really - antenna is tuned to the maximum allowed emission power per local regulations (e.g. big differences between EU, US and JPN regulations). Certification tests do not include any human handling, since it's really unpredictable and varies. Therefore, tests are just the fob with a (per specifications) positioned Rx antenna (highly controlled environment).

BTW similar effect is observed with the fob being next to the bottle of water. There are peer reviewed studies on these topics, that my RF engineer shared with me when I asked him way back about it, but are heavy on the RF/antenna theory, beyond my understanding.

yunohn|2 years ago

The scenarios being compared are:

- Fob in hand

- Fob in hand, held against head

Both of these already fulfill your “near body” requirement. Your point around tuning would not explain the specific difference being questioned.

DeathArrow|2 years ago

Even simpler, tune in an FM radio and move your hand near the antenna. It will sound better or worse depending on your hand position and how close it is to the antenna.

beAbU|2 years ago

You might be right about this, it makes sense. So standing on your tippytoes with the remote-arm stretched out to try and get better range is actually counter productive. Take 2 steps closer, and hold the remote close to your body.

andyjohnson0|2 years ago

How does it detect the presence of a nearby human body?

hulitu|2 years ago

> A more likely theory is that the fob transmitter (and antenna) is tuned to put out max signal when near the body. This is it's normal use.

This is true.

b112|2 years ago

Or pointing it at your head, is the same as holding it up high in the air.

dicroce|2 years ago

When I was a kid I had a tv where the quality of the picture noticeably improved when you touched the antenna... and I had recently heard that humans were mostly water... So I grabbed a glass of water and set it on top of the tv near the antenna and the picture cleared right up. Unfortunately this event made me the IT support guy for the family from then on...

xp84|2 years ago

The answer posted with all the experiments is conducted with a 2009 GTI, which reminds me of my first car, a Jetta from a generation before that. Its manual included this helpful illustration of the full expected range of the remote:

https://imgur.com/a/1Pdfyg4

Yes, apparently they were only willing to promise it would work within about arm's length of the car! It wasn't that bad, but also it wasn't a heck of a lot better, either!

mcv|2 years ago

Short range isn't necessarily bad. Modern cars unlock automatically if you try to open the door while the keyfob is in range, so long range could mean someone could unlock your car while you're out of sight.

I don't know if that system uses the same range as when you press the button on the keyfob, but I have read about a hack (probably here) where thieves used a transmitter to extend the range of both the car and the keyfob to unlock the car while the owner is out of sight. That's easier to do the longer the range is.

eitally|2 years ago

I had a 2001 GTI and it similarly only reliably worked within probably 25' of the vehicle. In contrast, my 2017 F150 fob works as much as 150-200' from the vehicle. I tremendously appreciate this, especially with remote start to warm it in the winter.

maccard|2 years ago

My first thought was "I wonder if the car is to scale or the fob"

Hamuko|2 years ago

Arm's length of the front bumper, but about 1-2 car lengths of the front door.

marcus0x62|2 years ago

When goofing off while tracing wires with a tone generator[0], we used to press the detector wand into our head, lick our finger tips, then run our fingers along the contacts on the 66 block[1] until we heard the warble from the tone generator.

0 - A troubleshooting and wire identification tool consisting of a battery-powered generator that produces a distinctive warbling sound and an inductive detector with a speaker that allows you to hear the warble when placed near the correct wire pair. Most look like this: https://www.grainger.com/product/EXTECH-Tone-and-Probe-Kit-4...

1 - a wiring terminal commonly used in the telephone system. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/66_block

chaorace|2 years ago

Those tone probes are so fun to play with! I highly recommend anyone with a spare $15 to grab a cheapo model and just... run around the home with it. It's an enlightening experience to actually perceive with your own ears the normally invisible world of EM radiation

avalys|2 years ago

This effect 100% works, I’ve tried it many times over 20 years with many different cars.

It is best if you hold the flat side of the remote up against your chin.

jurassicfoxy|2 years ago

It's really funny when people don't believe it though. At first glance it looks like such an obvious "you're a gullible idiot" hoax, haha.

green-salt|2 years ago

Thanks to this trick I have saved countless hours searching parking lots

ipython|2 years ago

Funny I came here to share the “chin” trick as well.

mmaunder|2 years ago

Not sure I agree with the cavity theory. I suspect it’s you, you big ole bag of salt water, acting as a capacitive ground plane for the antenna. It’s like mounting a ham or CB antenna on a car and having the metal of the car not be in direct contact with the ground, but it acts as a capacitive ground plane. You can do something similar with a vertical antenna using ground radials in a star pattern on the ground.

Angostura|2 years ago

If that were the case, wouldn't simply holding it in your ungloved hand be sufficient?

phendrenad2|2 years ago

I think this is the real answer.

TheWoodsy|2 years ago

Keysight Labs did some testing on this a few years ago. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AjYyjQKW-pU

buescher|2 years ago

That's actually pretty good. Their data (https://youtu.be/AjYyjQKW-pU?t=198) is consistent with my experience: +/- 6 dB or more depending on who is holding the remote and how they hold it. Range checks are not very reproducible and if you start worrying about reproducibility your time is better spent setting up a basic outdoor 3m test if you don't have a chamber. Most of the "hold to your chin" effect is just "try holding it a different way".

nxobject|2 years ago

I never expected the sire of HP's test and measurement division to be posting entertaining casual YouTube content, but here I am.

johnny_canuck|2 years ago

I used to use this trick when I worked as a photographer of used cars. You'd get some 10-20 fobs and be expected to walk a lot of ~300+ cars and take images of them. Holding the fob up to your chin was the trick to finding the right vehicle... assuming the battery wasn't dead.

I still use this trick today to find my car when I park somewhere I am unfamiliar with.

nativeit|2 years ago

I just had to tip my cap. I worked as an imaging clerk for Copart Auto Auctions about 18-years ago. My job was more about putting the images on the website (and ordering new photos if they weren’t to-spec, or if there was visible gore—it being an insurance auction), but I have an intimate awareness of your experience. It was an interesting, if poorly paid, job experience.

seeknotfind|2 years ago

Because I saw this headline, I tried to hold my key fob to my head today to lock my car, but it didn't work and I had to walk closer. So, there's one data point for you. Maybe I'm doing it wrong

martin-adams|2 years ago

I’ve been using this trick for many years. Things like when in a car park and trying to confirm I’ve locked my car at some distance, this has worked. It’s been pretty reliable for me.

redhale|2 years ago

"Works on my skull"

I typically press it firmly against my chin, and I have observed increased range many times (including testing this trick explicitly with a few different fobs a few years ago out of curiosity). Try pressing more firmly, or rotating the fob.

ta8903|2 years ago

Maybe the one case where "you're holding it wrong" is valid advice.

abrugsch|2 years ago

I too have been using this trick for many years on many cars since first seeing it done by Clarkson on Top Gear (circa 2006 IIRC and linked in the PSE question). I still baffle people with the considerable amount of extra range it can achieve. Half a football pitch was probably the best example I got on a 2008 Nissan Qashqai.

Buttons840|2 years ago

It also works holding it near your torso, don't have to use your head.

Although, the joke you tell your friends is that it only works if they open their mouth and stick out their tongue like a satellite dish.

The fact that it works next to your torso made me think it was just a matter of bouncing half the radio emissions towards the vehicle, thus doubling the signal. Just like someone holding an omni-directional campaign lamp close to their body increases the light headed in a certain directions.

tempestn|2 years ago

That was my first thought too, but the OPs tests had the range only improving when held to the head.

ratg13|2 years ago

It’s just using the water in your body as an antenna.

You can see the same effect by holding the car remote to a water bottle.

You’ll notice the water bottle gives you about the same extended range as your head.

ace2358|2 years ago

I’ve always put the key behind my head when doing this, and can confirm, it extends the range through experimentation.

I thought for sure I’d be absorbing it with my head but I definitely get extra range.

sushisource|2 years ago

> Although, the joke you tell your friends is that it only works if they open their mouth and stick out their tongue like a satellite dish.

I cannot wait to trick someone into doing this

ht85|2 years ago

From the top answer:

> 1/2 m ≈ 1.5 ft

Thanks US units for the quote of the day: "Meters are for waves, feet are for antennas"

jimnotgym|2 years ago

Excuse me, feet are US units??? Surely you mean feet are units that were adopted in the US... and then dropped by the rest of the world!

elzbardico|2 years ago

Funny how everybody readily accepts the metric system for measuring radio wavelengths without complaints. Even the most hardcore traditionalist ham radio operator in America never complains about naming bands with meters.

K0balt|2 years ago

It’s because the antennas in fobs lack an effective ground and are typically unbalanced. The body acts as an RC choke, creating a short on the ground side of the antenna (a typically intentional part of the design). The closer the fob is to your body mass, the better it will perform. Bone may also act as a reflector to some degree, and height can play a role.

rabuse|2 years ago

My ex-girlfriend used to do this back in our teens, and I used to think she was crazy... until I started to do it. Blew my mind.

gnicholas|2 years ago

I’ve found it helps to hold my key with both hands.

riffraff|2 years ago

I can imagine you may also try to raise your hands to get less ground interference, at which point it would not be inappropriate to invoke the power of Greyskull.

tempestn|2 years ago

That would support the head-arm loop theory.

martijnvds|2 years ago

Sixty Symbols did a video on this almost a decade ago: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Uqf71muwWc

class3shock|2 years ago

I was looking to see if someone had posted this, as it was what I immediately thought of when I saw the title. Lovely video, wild to think it's been that long since it's release.

snapetom|2 years ago

Wow, I first heard about this in the early 90's in high school! I was told to hold it under your chin. It seemed to work, but I never formally did any experimentation nor did I have the statistics base back then. I still did it up until I got a proximity fob a few years ago. However, I always felt silly because I thought it was an old wives tail from my childhood. Very cool to learn there's actual science behind it.

peter_d_sherman|2 years ago

Interesting!

>"This is a really interesting question. It turns out that your body is reasonably conductive (think salt water, more on that in the answer to this question), and that it can couple to RF sources capacitively."

Related: Capacative Coupling: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitive_coupling

cableshaft|2 years ago

Used to have a radio transmitter that plugged into my car lighter, and hook up to an mp3 player (or whatever) and transmit that on a radio frequency that the car could pick up. Often it would be staticky unless I set the device on my leg, and then it got a lot clearer.

Always assumed it just kind of turned my body into an extra large antenna. Probably works for a key fob in a similar way.

piskov|2 years ago

Makes one wonder about bluetooth headphones

plugin-baby|2 years ago

IME Bluetooth headphone volume increases if you put them near your head

egorfine|2 years ago

This saved me from blistering cold just yesterday night. Car was too far for the webasto heater to receive signal from the fob. Tried multiple times, then remembered this trick. And yes, car picked up the signal when sent from the forehead.

Warm car in winter, yeah

99catmaster|2 years ago

Am I the only one for whom this doesn’t work? If I try to unlock the car with the fob against my head, my car doesn’t seem to receive any signal. But if I try and unlock the car from the same distance, key fob not on head, it works like normal.

arbitrage|2 years ago

Hold the fob under and in contact with your chin and aim your face at your car. The beam gets focused in a specific direction when you're using your head to amplify the signal. This is how you get improved distance with your head. Your skull is not an isotropic resonant emitter. The signal ends up beam-shaped.

BoThrowAway|2 years ago

I'm not touching this one- I want to, but no.

svnt|2 years ago

You might try flipping the fob over

hprotagonist|2 years ago

There were no large structures around accept for the concrete encased stainless steel vacuum tube of the LIGO Livingston Interferometer which runs parallel to the measurement axis and extends for kilometers in both directions.

amazing.

karol|2 years ago

Can we now discuss it in the context of 5g? That would be so much more interesting.

8bitsrule|2 years ago

When TV still used analog broadcasting, and you were using a rabbit-ears antenna, and, if the signal was at all weak, you could walk around the antenna several feet away and see the effect on the TV screen.

HPsquared|2 years ago

The same reason your phone speaker gets louder when you put it on the table.

throwaway892238|2 years ago

I mean, it's electromagnetic waves. The right wavelength will bounce off things and increase likelihood of receiving a coherent signal. Works for a lot of things; RF, sound, light. RF has low energy and huge wavelengths. IIRC keyfobs are in the 200-600MHz range.

Ha, found some (kind of) evidence:

Radiowave Effects on Humans - March 28, 1980 / T. Neil Davis (https://www.gi.alaska.edu/alaska-science-forum/radiowave-eff...)

  One reason the question is unanswered is that the energy absorbed by a human from radio waves depends upon the relationship between the size of the human and the frequency of the radio waves. Just as a TV antenna of the right length and orientation picks up the best signal (the most energy) from a transmitted wave, so it is with a human being. It appears that the cranial cavity of a mammal will resonate at specific radio frequencies determined by the size of the brain cavity. At these resonant frequencies the human head will absorb vastly more radiowave energy than it will at other nearby frequencies.
  
  An adult's head will resonate at a frequency between 350 and 400 MHz (megahertz). Being smaller, a child's head will resonate at a higher frequency, somewhere between 600 and 850 MHz. Since each individual may have his or her own resonant frequency, a particular frequency radiowave might affect one person more than another. Consequently, testing on humans--even if people are willing to let this happen--can be rather complicated.
Basically the human head is a resonance chamber that probably amplifies the signal. But also your body is made of water, and RF bounces off metal and water. The capacitive coupling of skin probably adds an enhancement to the effect.

WithinReason|2 years ago

An explanation I read somewhere is that the radio waves reflect from the inside of your skull, the curvature acts as a parabolic antenna.

eps|2 years ago

That's a pretty dumb explanation if you pardon the bluntness. The effects shows itself regardless of how the head is turned reltive to the target.

willis936|2 years ago

Given the conductance of flesh and the frequencies at question the skin depth would only be a few cm at most. The RF energy never makes it through the brain.

scelerat|2 years ago

Grabbing an FM antenna when you've got a weak signal has a similar effect

cranberryturkey|2 years ago

your skull acts as an antenna

icepat|2 years ago

I've started using a HAT running the TINFOIL distribution, then I've configured ingress with request token validation. I bill everyone around me on a per-request basis for UNLOCK calls to their car. I've found the system works pretty well at keeping unwanted GET requests to my MIND database by various bad actors.

pestatije|2 years ago

anybody's head range increases by holding anything to it...101 physics

pyinstallwoes|2 years ago

I always thought it was because my skull acted as an antenna :P

nsonha|2 years ago

My brain could not connect to wifi the other day and the key fob trick worked!

risfriend|2 years ago

Fascinated by this, going to dig deep.

behnamoh|2 years ago

In the movie LalaLand, they mention that this is dangerous (causing diseases). Is that true?

drivers99|2 years ago

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w5SRH6Ac1LI&t=25s Love that movie. I didn't remember that so I found the scene. The character's joking / trying to mess with the other person. "You gotta put that thing to your chin. It makes your head into an antenna, so... I think it gives you cancer but you find your car faster. I mean, you don't live as long but you get where you're going quicker so it all evens out. Just a suggestion." At 5:15 in that video she tries it and it works.

Buttons840|2 years ago

Should we worry about a radio transmission powered by a 3 volt battery while taking on our phone?

userbinator|2 years ago

As true as the notion that cellphones and microwaves cause cancer.

havblue|2 years ago

I'm pretty sure that was a "neg".

entropicgravity|2 years ago

It's your conductive nervous system (including your brain) that is acting as a directional antenna.