[skandium]

Exactly, in practice the alternatives are either blocky artifacts (JPEG and most other traditional codecs), blurring everything (learned codecs optimised for MSE) or "hallucinating" patterns when using models like GANs. However, in practice even the generative side of compression models is evaluated against the original image rather than only output quality, so the outputs tend to be passable.

To see what a lossy generator hallucinating patterns means in practice, I recommend viewing HiFiC vs original here: https://hific.github.io/