[hasty_pudding]

What languages on Earth implement non-primitive data structures without objects?

I guess maybe low level c and assembly where you implement everything as bits in physical memory?

[recursive]

It's mostly a question of what the language considers to be an object.

There's often a stack-/heap-allocated dichotomy. Some languages consider stack-allocated structs not to be objects. They have no reference identity. Assignment has copy semantics. C# is one such language.