[mattnewport]

Ok, that's not really what your example showed though. You seem to be relying on string interning to have two different "hello" literals refer to the same underlying object and therefore be equal? Coming from other languages, and specifically C++, I tend to see `==` as value rather than reference equality so that wasn't immediately obvious to me.

The equivalent code in C++ has different semantics but a function that takes a non const reference in C++ cannot change what the reference refers to (references are immutable in that sense in C++, they can only ever refer to one object). What a non const reference allows in C++ is for the called function to change the value of the object referred to and since strings are not immutable in C++ that means that the value of string s could change, not the object identity.

With pointers to pointers, or references to pointers in C++ you can further change the object pointed to / referred to but not with references (there's no such thing as a reference to a reference in C++).