[ix101]

On the subject of tenses Turkish has a "reported past tense" which I haven't heard in other languages so far. It's very commonly used and simply denotes that someone told you of something that happened. I.e. you didn't witness / weren't present.

[uolmir]

You may enjoy this page: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidentiality

As an English speaker myself it's astonishing the number and range of features that other languages have built in, so to speak. Years ago I took Latin and the idea of declension just blew my mind. And that's basic in the grand scheme.