[ls-lah_33]

I'm surprised Sabine doesn't mention the way fermions are treated in Loop Quantum Gravity [1][2]. My understanding is they are treated as "non-local" or open loops of gravitational force, and thus entry and exit points in space-time. This makes them conceptually similar to the "wormhole model" of matter that Einstein and Rosen originally described.

[1] https://arxiv.org/pdf/gr-qc/9404010

[2] https://arxiv.org/pdf/1012.4719

[gradschoolfail]

My understanding is that this is the way fermions are treated in any modern theory of quantum gravity, and not specific to LQG?

[ls-lah_33]

Not sure what you mean, are you talking about ER = EPR? I think that's mostly a way of accounting for entanglement between particles, but it doesn't create the particles to begin with like in LQG. But my string theory knowledge is probably out of date, so I could be wrong.