[aabaker99]

My intuition would be that there are certain conditions under which Bayesian inference for the missing data and multiple imputation lead to the same results.

What is the distinction?

The scenario described in the paper could be represented in a Bayesian method or not. “For a given missing value in one copy, randomly assign a guess from your distribution.” Here “my distribution” could be Bayesian or not but either way it’s still up to the statistician to make good choices about the model. The Bayesian can p hack here all the same.