[jenscow]

In most cases that only tests a students memory and handwriting ability, while under pressure in a limited time.

Can't perform any research, compare conflicting sources, or self-reflection.

[dambi0]

That depends on the questions. There are also open book exams. A viva is a type of exam so I don’t see they are incompatible with assessing research

[lupire]

Not every class is STEM. Are you writing a 4000 word research paper sitting in class?

[consteval]

You can do all those things, just in less time. Which is a different skill set I admit.

But, for example, high school AP English exam is 3 45 minute essays (plus multiple choice). You have the read the passages, compare/contrast, etc.