[khold_stare]

Superconductivity is fascinating. I don't know how people were able to come up with the explanations. Crudely, the reduced temperature means less jiggling of the metal lattice. This in turn makes it possible for the nuclei to be pushed around by electrons to form essentially sound waves (phonons) in the lattice (think of the lattice compressing and expanding due to interplay with electrons). At a certain temperature and therefore a certain frequency of lattice oscillation, electrons pair up to form "Cooper pairs" - they move in concert due to the lattice movement. What's crazy is that cooper pairs become a sort of pseudoparticle, and their quantum behaviour is different to regular electrons. Cooper pairs have integer spin (as opposed to half-integer spin), so they no longer obey the Pauli exclusion principle and all the electrons in the entire material basically form one giant condensate that extends through the whole material and can all occupy the same lowest energy quantum state.

[jaybrendansmith]

That is the BEST explanation of superconductivity I have ever heard.

[khold_stare]

Thanks for the kind words! For anyone curious to dive deeper into the crazyness that is quantum mechanics I can highly recommend a few resources:

- Sean M Carroll's work, in particular his Biggest Ideas in the Universe books: https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/biggestideas/

- Artur Ekert, basically the father of Quantum Cryptography has an amazing course for free on youtube: https://www.youtube.com/@ArturEkert . It's a very precise and understandable explanation of quantum computing, and some of the math that is involved with quantum mechanics.

- If you have hours to spare, watch Richard Behiel's videos on Youtube. He's like the 3Blue1Brown of Quantum Physics. His latest video on superconductivity and the Higgs Field is almost 5 hours long (!!!) https://youtu.be/DkH1citHtgs?si=-yQNYDu9TlTpE1A0 . It builds on his other videos, so I'd recommend starting at the beginning.

[the-mitr]

Similar to superconductors, there are superinsulators, which have an infinite resistance so that no electric current passes through. The phenomenon of superinsulation can be regarded as an exact dual to superconductivity.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superinsulator

[bigger_cheese]

My background is material's science so there might be another meaning physicists use that I'm not familiar with but my very simplified understanding/explanation of Phonons are that they are vibrations within a crystal lattice. These vibrations exists at all temperatures above absolute zero, so I don't think it is accurate to say phonons form due to reduced temperature.

[cyberax]

Another way to put it: Cooper pairs become _bound_ objects. And so their energy levels are quantized, and to excite them, you need to apply more energy than is available from the thermal motion of atoms in a superconductor.

This doesn't happen with unpaired free electrons because their energy spectrum is pretty close to continuous.

[mncharity]

> all the electrons in the entire material basically form one giant condensate

Very not my field, but perhaps that's "all the paired electrons"? Brief ai-ing (do we have a verb yet?) suggests only some small fraction of conduction electrons form pairs, let alone all the rest.

[itishappy]

Only Cooper pairs can condensate, but in a superconducting material at the critical temperature Cooper pairs account for nearly all free electrons.

[genewitch]

"Slop pass"?