[tacet]

Probably both. I'll admit to be layperson in all this, but deepseek is pretty impressive. Even if they have used more compute than they claimed, this part of article you linked didn't age well judging by reviews of 4.5 :D

>Many have compared V3 to GPT-4o and highlight how V3 beats the performance of 4o. That is true but GPT-4o was released in May of 2024. AI moves quickly and May of 2024 is another lifetime ago in algorithmic improvements.