[lrem]

Switzerland - a public service collects a number of Boolean flags in the vein of “has ever refinanced a loan”, serves the raw set to the person or institutions that can request it according to the regulations.

Any EU country - regulations tend to be strict and vary from country to country. There is usually a central registry with either history of violated agreements and/or currently active loans. In pre-approval for a loan the borrower typically self-declares their credit capacity and the lender checks the registry for red flags. Before concluding the approval the lender will require supporting documentation (typically salary certificate, bank statement and/or tax returns).