[smpanaro]

What do you mean by less wide? The main bottleneck for transformers is memory bandwidth. ANE has a much lower ceiling than CPU/GPU (yes, despite unified memory).

Chunking is actually beneficial as long as all the chunks can fit into the ANE’s cache. It speeds up compilation for large network graphs and cached loads are negligible cost. On M1 the cache limit is 3-4GB, but it is higher on M2+.

[conradev]

I was referring to both the lower memory bandwidth and lower FLOPs. The GPU can just do… more at once? For now. Or is that changing?

I had also assumed that loading a chunk from the cache was not free because I’ve seen cache eviction on my M1, but it’s good to know that it’s no longer as big of a limitation.

also, I’m a big fan of your work! I played around with your ModernBERT CoreML port a bit ago

[smpanaro]

For single batch inference of anything remotely LLM you'll hit the memory bound way before FLOPs, so I haven't actually looked at FLOPs much. For raw performance GPU is certainly better. ANE is more energy efficient, but you need larger batches to really benefit.

Maybe cache is the wrong word. This is a limit to how much can be mmap'd for the ANE at once. It's not too hard to hit on M1 if your model is in the GB range. Chunking the model into smaller pieces makes it more likely to "fit", but if it doesn't fit you have to unmap/remap in each forward pass which will be noticeable.

Awesome to hear about ModernBERT! Big fan of your work as well :)