[fowl2]

Suprised no one has mentioned RFC 8914 Extended DNS Errors, specifically section 4.17[1]:

> 4.17. Extended DNS Error Code 16 - Censored

> The server is unable to respond to the request because the domain is on a blocklist due to an external requirement imposed by an entity other than the operator of the server resolving or forwarding the query. Note that how the imposed policy is applied is irrelevant (in-band DNS filtering, court order, etc.).

Which would be relevant for Google DNS's "Query refused" at least. Although I guess it's possible maybe they do support it but Windows/Chromium don't...

[1] https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8914.html#section-4.17