[lacop]

I got some empirical data on this!

Effingo file copy service does application-layer strong checksums and detects about 4.5 corruptions per exabyte transferred (figure 9, section 6.2 in [1]).

This is on top of TCP checksums, transport layer checksums/encryption (gRPC), ECC RAM and other layers along the way.

Many of these could be traced back to a "broken" machine that was eventually taken out.

[1] https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3651890.3672262