[pchangr]

It was net positive in all the studies I found. Here’s some for Germany

https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/en/topics/latest-news/20...

https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/306683/1/GLO-DP-1530...

In Canada, economic immigrants are net positive while refugees and sponsored (family reunion) immigrants are net negative.

https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/102505/1/MPRA_paper_102505.p...