[aap_]

As for Rockstar North/DMA specifically: It was a bunch of nerds making games in Scotland. From having reverse engineered gta3 and vice city and therefore knowing the code of these games quite intimately, i can tell that even at that time (i don't know what exactly was meant by "early") they were still a fairly small bunch of very talented people building the best game together that they could. No huge engines or design patterns, just very straightforward, well or reasonably well written code that does just what's it supposed to. All from scratch, the tooling as well. Of course that's just my interpretation (and maybe i'm projecting a bit) but i imagine it must have been a very fun project for the people involved. Doesn't reek much of management, bureaucracy and questionable practices getting in the way.

[quadhome]

From scratch? AIUI GTA3 and Vice City were built on RenderWare.

[Cpoll]

RenderWare was the preeminent PS2 graphics library. My impression is that it's more akin to OpenGL than to Unreal?

[aap_]

That's true but it was little more than a portable rendering API, which was of course very useful for the PS2, but probably less interesting for the PC ports. So if you want to count that, you're right, it's not totally from scratch. But it wasn't built on an actual game engine.