[_bent]

macOS is the only OS you can write native applications for. On Linux there are with GTK and QT two different GUI frameworks that could be considered native on some distros. And on Windows there are so many different frameworks and approaches used by MS for the shell that even a Webview could be considered native

[pjmlp]

Win32 is the native way, MFC and Windows Forms build on top Win32, UWP is also native as thin layer above Win32 and COM (with some extras).

WPF is managed, only uses a bit of Win32 and DirectX 9, everything else is rendered by itself.

[_bent]

According to Microsoft WinUi3 and WinUi2 are also native https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/apps/winui/

[rafram]

On macOS you now have to account for SwiftUI, which sometimes uses AppKit views and sometimes uses its own renderer. Kind of similar to UWP.

[nicoburns]

iOS and Android definitely have native toolkits too.