[GZGavinZhao]

> There is third approach, established by a group in Minnesota [1], which is to design languages and tools which are modular and extensible from the get-go, so that extensions are more interoperable. They do research on how to make this work using attribute grammars.

MLIR [1] has entered the chat :P

I know I know MLIR is an IR and not a programming language, but MLIR does give me the feeling of "an IR to rule them all" (as long as you're ok with SSA representation), and the IR itself is quite high-level to the point it almost feels like an actual programming language, e.g. you can write a MLIR program that compiles to C using the EmitC dialect that feels a lot like writing C.

[1]: https://mlir.llvm.org

[pjmlp]

Well some languages, like Mojo, expose MLIR directly in the language as intrisics.

https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.21039