[frabonacci]

MDM platforms can skip Setup Assistant, but they require the device to be pre-enrolled in Apple Business Manager before first boot - VMs can't be enrolled in ABM, so those hooks aren't available.

defaults write only works after you have shell access, which means Setup Assistant is already done.

There are tools that modify marker files like .AppleSetupDone via Recovery Mode, but that's mainly for bypassing MDM enrollment on physical Macs - you'd still need to create a valid user account with proper Directory Services entries, keychain, etc.

The VNC + OCR approach is less elegant but works reliably without needing to reverse-engineer macOS internals or rely on undocumented behaviors that might break between versions.

[saagarjha]

Surely your VNC script is guaranteed to break between versions