[rogerbinns]

Do you know what other prior systems did for co-processor instructions? The 8086 and 8087 must have been designed together for this approach to work, so presumably there is a reason they didn't choose what other systems did.

It is notable that ARM designed explicit co-processor instructions, allowing for 16 co-processors. They must have taken the 8086/8087 approach into account when doing that.

[kens]

AMD's Am9511 floating-point chip (1977) acted like an I/O device, so you could use it with any processor. You could put it in the address space, write commands to it, and read back results. (Or you could use DMA with it for more performance.) Intel licensed it as the Intel 8231, targeting it at the 8080 and 8085 processors.

Datasheet: https://www.hartetechnologies.com/manuals/AMD/AMD%209511%20F...

[rogerbinns]

I remembered Weitek as making math co-processors but it turns out they did an 80287 equivalent, and nobody appears to have done an 8087 equivalent. Wikipedia claims the later co-processors used I/O so this complicated monitoring the bus approach seems to have only been used by one generation of architecture.

[satiated_grue]

There was also the 8089 I/O co-processor designed for the 8086/8088 that I have never seen.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8089