[jonjacky]

I think after a day or two of full immersion in this environment, disassembling hex code would be mostly straightforward. Woz is said to have 6502 binary memorized. It doesn't really take much, you don't need to memorize it all. Knowing a dozen instructions can take you a long way.

It does. I am certainly no Woz, but I used to program a KIM-1 by hand assembling with pencil and paper from a programming card, then keying hex codes into its onboard keypad. After a few days you don't need to look at the card much. It's really quite practical - it's actually easier than dealing with editor and assembler tools. After fifty years, I still recall that A5 encodes LDA.

[eggy]

I am teaching myself Arm assembly for the M-series of processors, M-4 for now. I have been playing and using J (jsoftware.com) since 2010, and I have to say that as much as the higher abstracted languages and programs become, I still love the atoms and terseness of array languages and writing close to the metal. I started with Factor, gforth, and retro years ago. Something magical happens when you immerse yourself in it. Right now, I am working with KlongPy, which using the PyTorch backend along with the Klong language is amazing. I used to write assembly code for my Vic-20 back in the day and then bought the VIC FORTH cartridge for like $30 in 1982. I programmed my 1977 PET 2001 in the Commodore Basic 1.0 it came with, but there was a sys instruction for machine code! I used to write my code on an index card before typing it in and saving to the cassette recorder. Magazines had code to hand type in, so my coding was learned with reading and writing it first. I accidentally bought a hardcover book on PDP-11 programming and read the whole book before I bought my PET in 1977. Machine language. I miss the early days of computing before the internet or Genie Online, but Echo in NYC was a blast - thanks, Stacy!!

[drob518]

Agreed, though I would say that 6502 is a lot more straightforward to memorize than x86. A lot fewer addressing modes and every instruction is always just a byte, possibly followed by immediate data. The 6502 was a little gem.