[pixelesque]

Some UK banks (Nationwide and Barclays I know for certain) have had mini card-reader PIN devices since around 2010 that they've given customers, that basically generate on an LCD screen an 8-digit code for authentication.

When confirming a large transfer, you also need to enter the payment amount in the device, and I assume this gets hashed into the number as well.

More recently (last 3/4 years), you can also use their mobile app to do this instead / as well as.

[amaccuish]

Moved from the UK to Germany. My German card reader is even better, no manually entering the transaction details, I just scan a QR code from my laptop, and the card reader display shows the IBAN and amounts, before I confirm to get the code.