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Oberon – The Overlooked Jewel [pdf]

83 points| urschrei | 13 years ago |ics.uci.edu

This article presents selected facets of Project Oberon, the latter of [Pascal creator Niklaus] Wirth’s two large system-level design efforts. The leitmotiv of this project was a quote from Einstein, “make it as simple as possible, but not simpler”. And if any further evidence was still needed, Oberon provided the conclusive proof for Wirth’s mastery of The Art of Simplicity.

53 comments

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[+] sb|13 years ago|reply
I tried Oberon once and have to say that it was way ahead of its time. Not only did the author (of the linked paper) invent one of the first JIT compiled systems, but also the ability to execute code with a mouse click (similar to Rob Pike's ACME editor) is---for a systems programming language---still not available today.

There were several novel research ideas tried for the Oberon system. I remember there was some paper called "Active Text" that allowed putting videos into code comments. (Probably that could have been done in Smalltalk, too.)

Finally, all of the books explaining details are heartily recommended. Wirth's compiler book (referred to at HN several times) is a classic easy-going introduction (the Oberon-0 grammar fits on only two pages IIRC! [1]), his algorithm book (also available for download, also referred to multiple times at HN) has some of the nicest descriptions that I did not find anywhere else (showing a divide-and-conquer approach to computing the median [near the Quicksort treatment]; plus polyphase sort, which might be useful again in data centers), and finally the Project Oberon book contains some unique treatment on system software that is not easily found anywhere else. For example, it contains the details on what's called PieceLinkText, which is the (at least AFAIK) best data structure to implement a text editor and it's operations. (Predating rope-strings by a fair amount of time, too.)

edit:

[1]: just checked my own copy; Oberon-0's grammar actually fits on one page, the full Oberon grammar fits on two pages!

[2]: URLs:

- Compiler book: http://www.ethoberon.ethz.ch/WirthPubl/CBEAll.pdf

- Algorithm book: http://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/books/AlgorithmE1/AD20...

- Project Oberon: http://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/books/ProjectOberon.pd...

[+] magoghm|13 years ago|reply
The book "Project Oberon: The Design of an Operating System and Compiler" http://www.amazon.com/Project-Oberon-Design-Operating-Compil... contains a detailed explanation of the design for the Oberon compiler and operating system. Not only it is well written with clear explanations, but it also includes the full source code for the compiler and operating system in less than 550 pages!

I learned some interesting compiler techniques from reading that book.

[+] _pmf_|13 years ago|reply
The same (or a very similar) article can be found in the really, really great book "The School of Niklaus Wirth: The Art of Simplicity", which is a collection of high quality, highly entertaining essays about hardware, software and general CS concepts.
[+] TomMasz|13 years ago|reply
Pascal was the first "real" language I learned (BASIC doesn't count) with a compiler that ran on the IBM mainframe at work. From then it was an easy transition to a Pascal compiler from Motorola that produced code for the 68000. Tellingly, the Motorola compiler had a bunch of extensions that made programming a lot easier and mirrored the features Wirth introduced in Modula-2. In some ways, learning C was a step backwards, although in terms of my marketability it was absolutely necessary.
[+] gecko|13 years ago|reply
The 68000 was a wonderful CPU, and the last one that I genuinely enjoyed writing assembler for. A sane number of registers, a very orthogonal instruction set, good performance, non-segmented RAM, and high-level. If we had to have a 1980s CISC chip be The One True ISA, I really wish that 68000, not x86, could've been it.
[+] Roboprog|13 years ago|reply
Yes, yes, yes! C was a HUGE step backward. And also how I paid the rent in the 90s. ANSI C had the advantage of being portable, though. Even if C, and especially C++, tended to be somewhat deadly.

Turbo Pascal was about 90% of the speed of C with 30 to 50% of the bugs. And yes, I could use pointers and pointer arithmetic in TP if I wanted to bypass array bounds checking, but I had the choice when I needed to do so. Memory management is a lot easier with Pascal functions (and I assume Module/Oberon) than C as well, since the caller allocates the return value. Alternately, you can pass (always non null) values by reference instead of having to use (maybe null) pointers.

[+] xradionut|13 years ago|reply
I remember the the weeks I spent reading Wirth's book and learning about the OS and language. Would be nice if Oberon had become a competing system language to C, but it, the OS and the NS32K series of chips have faded into memories of us original alternative OS geeks.
[+] catenate|13 years ago|reply
You might consider Limbo or Go as alternative system languages. Limbo is bundled with the Inferno VM OS, which provides Acme, which is roughly a text-only take on the Oberon UI. Go isn't the main systems language of any OS (yet), but is more recent than Limbo.
[+] nasmorn|13 years ago|reply
One of my former coworkers took a job as CIO and inherited a huge application written in Oberon. It is maintained by two brothers who charge exorbitant amounts but since talent is very thin on the ground and they did a good enough job there was not really anything anyone could do about it. I really hoped this would happen to me when I started with rails but the the whole WHOOPS video happened.
[+] BruceM|13 years ago|reply
Any chance that huge application has to do with video processing or something similar?
[+] praptak|13 years ago|reply
The article feels incomplete, as are many articles that praise systems of the past.

Why did Oberon become obsolete? I suspect we could learn a lot from an answer to this question.

[+] keenerd|13 years ago|reply
That is simple. Oberon was a full-stack environment. Where full-stack means it typically provides OS-like and filesystem-like elements. Where as a mainstream language such as Python molds itself to the existing OSes, Oberon tries to take on the whole thing.

These have a history of failing. Not because they are poor at some aspects of being an operating system. But because they force a programmer to give up all their tools. You can't typically use your favorite source control or text editor. (This is getting better as VM interoperability improves.)

So Oberon shares the same fate as other full-stack languages like Smalltalk and Forth. (I'm sure you can think of a few.) Awesome at what they do, but never gains traction.

[+] igouy|13 years ago|reply
>>Why did Oberon become obsolete?<<

2nd paragraph -- "In his modest Swiss Engineer’s manner, and quite untypical for a celebrated academic, Wirth consistently avoided exploiting the initially high-speeding Pascal bandwagon for the purpose of “marketing” his subsequent ideas. Indeed, he even refrained from giving his later programming-language creations names such as “Pascal-2”, “Pascal Plus”, or “Pascal-2000” but instead opted first for “Modula”, and then “Oberon”. Both of these languages would probably have been considerably more successful if the connection to the Pascal legacy had been made in their name, but this would have run counter to Wirth’s view that a marketer he is not."

Also see "Pascal and its Successors" http://www.swissdelphicenter.ch/en/niklauswirth.php

[+] xradionut|13 years ago|reply
My guess is that it was a non-US based, non-commercial project that was too ahead of it's time. Think of a Canon Cat on steroids crazy. By this time C had already "won" as the system programming language for large systems.

Plus when my buddies and I were interested in it, there was no hardware in the States to run it on. It did get one of our number into the PC532 scene and I came up a semi-interesting idea to turn graphics chips into encryption engines based on the NS32GX32 instruction set.

[+] no_more_death|13 years ago|reply
Yeah, in high school in the early 00s I was a big Oberon fan. I had booted the system from diskette on my windows computer. I also had Blackbox and built some really basic things. Overall it was a huge amount of fun, and I have fond memories of the Object Inspector and connecting references together on forms and stuff. It was really Brett Victor's "tangled" before Brett Victor came along with these ideas. Actually, it was a lot like hypercard, based on what I've read of hypercard. LayLa was a cool layout system kind of like flexbox. They had a lot of cool applications. The flat filesystem was weird (no directories), but it was certainly simple.

Over time it was so disappointing, though, that the system never went anywhere. My biggest takeaway was to not be such a programming language purist. Now I'm a javascript fan. It's not pure or perfect, but it's simple and it nails the important things. Plus for the foreseeable future it's the most widely supported computer language in existence. Simplicity and pragmatism are really key.

[+] gecko|13 years ago|reply
So, let's say I wanted to take a spin in Oberon today. Is that even still feasible, or is it just dead? I can't tell what I'd download to get started from the ETH Oberon page, nor do I have any idea what the library and development community would look like at this point.
[+] bpsm|13 years ago|reply
A2 (nee Bluebottle) is the successor to Oberon, but remains compatible in the sense that you can run the classic Oberon System 3 as an application within Bluebottle.

http://bluebottle.ethz.ch/download.html

(My Eyes! The goggles do nothing!)

You could probably boot the ISO image in a virtual machine (VMWare or such).

There's a version of Bluebottle that runs as an application on Windows. Here (A2.r4701.zip):

http://www.ocp.inf.ethz.ch/wiki/OCP/WinAos

A few things to note:

(1) unpack the zip file (2) Open a2\WinAos\Aos.EXE

Note that Aos.EXE will run full screen. There's no obvious way to minimize or hide it, but you can Ctrl-TAB back to another program.

The system log is displayed by default near the upper left corner of the screen. You'll want to close this as Oberon and Aos can not both be managing it at the same time.

(3) Close the System log by clicking the red button in the upper right corner of the System log window.

You'll see a palette of buttons in the lower left corner of the screen. We'll be using that to start Oberon.

There are two ways to start the hosted Oberon: full screen or within an Aos window. Since we're here for Oberon, we'll start it full screen.

(4) Click "Deveop" in the top row of buttons. (5) Click "Oberon FullScreen" which is revealed as the left-most bottom-most button.

To exit Oberon click "Quit" in Popups.Tool and choose "Shutdown".

To exit Aos click "System" and then "Shutdown" on the button palette in the bottom left of the screen.

Happy exploring!

[+] laumars|13 years ago|reply
From what I've read, there's "Active Oberon", which I think compiles to .NET bytecode (I might be having a blond moment, but it wasn't clear from their site what the relationship between Active Oberon and .NET was).

http://www.ethoberon.ethz.ch/oberon.net/

[edit] oops, that project has been dead for 10 years as well. Sorry about that

[+] gl|13 years ago|reply
Oberon/F was used as a teaching language during my first semesters of CS. At the suggestion of Sun's marketing department, Oberon and it's accompanying textbook were replaced by Java™ 1.0. For me that's what happened to programming in Oberon. Fortunately, Blackbox is very well documented and even without a command of its language you can still appreciate many of the elegant gems it Guards just by reading Blackbox in Blackbox . I really enjoyed the article especially learning the bit about how Wirth measured a compiler's quality.
[+] lennel|13 years ago|reply
we were taught oberon at varsity. twas fun.
[+] rcfox|13 years ago|reply
I had to write a compiler for a subset of Oberon in second year. I wasn't terribly impressed with the language itself.
[+] guard-of-terra|13 years ago|reply
But is it really that good today when we have Ruby, Scala, Go, Clojure and stuff? What are selling points today? Or is it a purely historic thing?
[+] xradionut|13 years ago|reply
Read the article or the Wirth's original book. Wirth and his colleage had some original ideas about programming languages, operating systems and user interfaces that were revolutionary for the day. They even built their own workstations from scratch to run them on.